Child Protective Services Pros and Cons - 2387 Words

My practicum site was at the Department of Children and Family Services within the Legally Free Unit with Tommy Williams. He has been a social worker for DCFS for approximately seven years. The purpose of DCFS is to protect abused and neglected children. The program is The program is responsible for the investigation of child abuse and neglect complaints, child protection, family preservation, family reconciliation, foster care, group care, in-home services, independent living and adoption services for children ages 0 to 18 years. I specifically worked in the Legally Free Unit of DCFS which is for children ages approximately 7-17 whose parents have has their parental rights terminated and the children are not able to be adopted for various†¦show more content†¦We are not allowed to take notes while we are with a client because it is extremely impersonal and its believed that it sends a signal to the kids that my job is more important, I don’t really care what you hav e to say, I’m here because I have to. This helped me with psychological knowledge because it helped me to listen only and then reflect back on what I heard and if I feel like I need to do any sort of intervention within the placement. I chose to work at DCFS as my practicum site because I originally was employed there as a visitation supervisor in the dispatch unit. My job there was to supervise visits of children who have recently been removed from their parents care. Working there helped me to see how important the family system. I also have prior experience in the foster care system. When I was 16 years old, my 12-year-old sister and I were removed from my mothers care and placed into a group home for three days. While my mom was in a 72-hour psychiatric hold, she decided to terminate her parental rights. My sister and I were placed in a foster home with our now foster parents. At this time we were both considered â€Å"legally free† youth and I especially was cons idered unadoptable. Spending two years in the foster care system I was able to see the good, the bad and the ugly and it gave me an in-depth insight when I went back to work at this practicum site,Show MoreRelatedHN370Unit9Essay1179 Words   |  5 PagesHN370 - Child Family Welfare Unit 9 Essay Assignment September 2, 2014 2 Human services professionals are forerunners in the work to improve the lives of families and the child protection efforts in every community. They work diligently with many community professionals - including law enforcement officers, health care providers, mental health professionals, educators, legal and court system staff, and care providers- to support families in need and keep children from harm. Part of this workRead MoreIs Obstetrician -gynecologist And Certified Nurse Midwives Essential For Life? Well Obstetricians Care For Pregnant Women?1064 Words   |  5 Pagesadvice and checking on their routine. Midwifery can be split up into three zones: Antenatal process which is the care of the unborn child still in the womb, Delivery process which is the care of mother and baby during the actual birthing process, and the Postnatal which is the care after the baby has been born, in the early weeks of life. A midwife offers similar services as an obstetrician, but in a nonsurgical environment. 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The mission of the Administration for Children’s Services (ACS) Division of Child Protection (DCP) is to protect all children who are being abused or neglected in the City of New York, and to ensure that the appropriate services are providedRead MoreDrug Testing Welfare Recipients Essay1114 Words   |  5 Pageswould otherwise do without. According to heritage.org, a majority of the illegal drug use in American adults is tied to unemployed citizens. While there are many people who disagree with testing welfare recipients, the truth is that the pros greatly outweigh the cons. The long term improvements that drug testing will have on the country are substantial. The wellbeing and stability of America’s children, unemployment, fairness across the board for all Americans and the economy; all play substantialRead MoreAbortion Is The Intentional Termination Of A Pregnancy After Conception3991 Words   |  16 Pagesthe many people who are trying to do something about this to pic of abortion. 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Pro and Con Arguments †The media and government believe that the issue of bullying paired with a generation of violent video games has made it easier to fall into violent actions without knowing and go into a state of shock and not remember ever doing it.Read MoreHmong1747 Words   |  7 Pagesspiritual healing versus the well established Western medicine. As a social worker, it would be a great challenge for me to learn how to remain neutral as possible working with the Lee family and Lia’s American doctors because I have experienced the pros and cons from both systems even when I still have faith in them. I know I would be under a lot of pressure because I am a member of the Hmong community, so the Lees are expecting me to be on their side believing that the Western medicines were the causeRead MoreHealth and Human Services Essay1120 Words   |  5 PagesHealth and Human Services Social Work is growing now a day due because of poverty, which is why there is a big demand for social workers. It is a very dedicated job and stressful at the same time. Social work is for people who want to help people, also because of all the clients you ended up having some of the client’s do not appreciate what you are doing for them and get violent start threaten you, or getting physical. SomeRead MoreChild Protection And The United States1925 Words   |  8 PagesChild Protective Services in Texas Reading about child labor and abuse during 1800-1900’s in early American history books might lead a student to believe we are far from the seemingly distant past of neglected children. 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Absolute Film Is Fine Art - 1654 Words

Absolute Film Is Fine Art Although literature existing on the subject of abstract cinema’s origins is not lacking, seldom does it appear in a purely art historical context. In mentioning visual artists, particularly focusing on Hans Richter and Viking Eggeling’s collaborations, scholarship rarely questions the aesthetic motives or innate desire for each of these artists to transcend pencil and paper, oil and canvas primarily; so what are these films’ connections to previous endeavors for these pioneers of abstract film? What drove these established artists to strive for a â€Å"universal language† and rhythm in the medium of moving image that couldn’t be achieved on canvas or paper? These particular questions will be focused specifically on and answered through an understanding of the advent of absolute cinema, between 1918 and 1925, before Richter would move beyond and arguably surpass a non-objective approach to film. Absolute cinema aesthetically conjoins film to the immobile fine arts, bridging the gap and acting as the logical baby step between painting on canvas and working with celluloid. Not only does absolute cinema provide such a bridge but it also allows the expression of abstract and geometrical forms to exceed staticity. What could only exist as an impression of temporality through painting, drawing, and sculpture, such as within a Boccioni States of Mind paintings or Duchamp’s Nude Descending The Staircase No.2, would now create a more mimetic kinetic movement,Show MoreRelatedVideo Games : Stay Away From Art957 Words   |  4 PagesThe discussion about videogames having the credit to be considered art is already dated. When presenting his reasons, Eric Zimmerman - the author of the text Games, stay away from art. Please- makes it clear that the subject is not only old but also pointless. 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How does Austen present the two sides of Mr Darcy in the two extracts Essay Example For Students

How does Austen present the two sides of Mr Darcy in the two extracts Essay Jane Austen was the author of the famous novel Pride and Prejudice. Austen was born in December 1775 in the village of Steventon in Hampshire and died in 1817. Through the years that she was alive Austen wrote 6 novels, one of which was the famous novel, Pride and Prejudice. Austen was part of a fairly large family; she was the second daughter and seventh child in a close-knit family of eight. This great novel has many similarities to Austens actual life, for example the Bennetts were a large close-knit family and as was she. In this essay I will be focusing on the relationship between, Elizabeth and Darcy and how his attitude changes towards several characters. Darcys personality in particular changes drastically throughout the play, he begins very stubborn and un-cooperative, as the story proceeds his attitude changes as he warms towards one character in particular, Elizabeth Bennet. Chapters 34 Mr Darcy is a very high class character and doesnt hesitate to show his authority in society. When he is first introduced to the reader he seems very distant and has no attempt to communicate with lower class people, to me Darcy seems to see the other classes to be beneath him, and if he were to acknowledge them it would show a sign of weakness. When Darcy attends the Meryton Ball, in chapter 3, Mr Bingley suggests he dance with Lizzy, but he refuses, She is tolerable; but not handsome enough to tempt me. He does so with Elizabeth listening, and establishes a reputation among the entire community to have pride and bad manners. This quote shows that he looks down on other types of classes and states how he perceives other characters, in the novel. The initial impression would be an insult towards Lizzy, and may seem to be thought that he could do better. Austen mentions Darcy paying a compliment towards Miss Bennet and acknowledges how pretty she was but ending with a criticism saying she smiled too much. This shows a nice side of Darcy and also may show to a reader that you dont judge a book by its cover, although he comes across as a very arrogant stubborn man he can be nice, this also may show that he says what he thinks. At the end of the ball, Darcys attitude towards others stayed the same; I think that Darcy says how he perceives others like he does because thats how he has been talking for so long and may think that if he changes how he talks then others would think less of him. He stated that he had seen a collection of people in whom there was little beauty and no fashion, for none of whom he had felt the smallest interest, and from none received either attention or pleasure. Bingley wouldnt seem like the sort of character that Darcy would associate himself with, due to the continuous happiness and niceness that Bingley shows everyone. Darcy and Bingley dont seem like the sort of classes of people that would get along with one other. For Darcy to become a more attractive character he should not take women for granted and pay more compliments rather than insults towards everyone and keep his opinions to himself, by doing so he is representing typical 19th century gentleman. The turning point in the novel is when Darcy Proposes to Elizabeth and she abruptly refuses, the aftermath of his proposal allows Lizzy to see him in a different light thus changing various perceptions towards Darcy. .u11d1548e9c2b2e2ce8d814e078f29b07 , .u11d1548e9c2b2e2ce8d814e078f29b07 .postImageUrl , .u11d1548e9c2b2e2ce8d814e078f29b07 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u11d1548e9c2b2e2ce8d814e078f29b07 , .u11d1548e9c2b2e2ce8d814e078f29b07:hover , .u11d1548e9c2b2e2ce8d814e078f29b07:visited , .u11d1548e9c2b2e2ce8d814e078f29b07:active { border:0!important; } .u11d1548e9c2b2e2ce8d814e078f29b07 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u11d1548e9c2b2e2ce8d814e078f29b07 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u11d1548e9c2b2e2ce8d814e078f29b07:active , .u11d1548e9c2b2e2ce8d814e078f29b07:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u11d1548e9c2b2e2ce8d814e078f29b07 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u11d1548e9c2b2e2ce8d814e078f29b07 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u11d1548e9c2b2e2ce8d814e078f29b07 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u11d1548e9c2b2e2ce8d814e078f29b07 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u11d1548e9c2b2e2ce8d814e078f29b07:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u11d1548e9c2b2e2ce8d814e078f29b07 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u11d1548e9c2b2e2ce8d814e078f29b07 .u11d1548e9c2b2e2ce8d814e078f29b07-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u11d1548e9c2b2e2ce8d814e078f29b07:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: 'The Great Gatsby' by F Scott Fitzgerald EssayAusten is criticising 19th century society here by showing the negative attitudes of the higher classes toward the lower classes. Chapters 5859 Mr Darcy has undergone a drastic change in personality since chapters 3 and 4, he is now beginning to respect the Bennets whereas before he was too proud to talk to them, although he still may come over as vulgar, I believe that he is no longer meaning to be rude but the shy part of his personality is starting to come through. I believe his change in personality is due to his proposal towards Lizzy, or more so due to the rejection. I believe that after receiving that rejection he no longer thinks highly of himself and begins to have more respect for Lizzy and her family. He begins to understand that wealth doesnt get you everything and to me he tries harder to impress Lizzy, due to his great attraction towards her; which is seen in his movement from his descriptions in the novel. When Mr Wickham entered the picture he made it clear to Darcy that he wanted Lizzy to himself and told her a lie about Darcy which turned Lizzy against him even more. When Darcy was confronted by Lizzy he wrote her a letter explaining the real truth, and the liar turned out to be Wickham, when reading the letter she began to see a new Darcy and warmed towards him and this is when Lizzy changes her attitude towards Darcy. As Darcy changes his attitude he becomes a more attractive 19th century gentleman, he is no longer acting as a rude man, he is trying to be liked by lower classes which the old Darcy would see as a sign of weakness. For example Darcy is attempting to talk to lower classes whereas before, at the ball, he was too proud to associate himself with any other classes including his own, I believe this is because he has shown his true feelings and thinks the only way Elizabeth would fall in love is if he would stop being arrogant to the people she loves; for example he puts away his pride and expresses his feelings for Lizzy in chapter 34, In vain have I struggled. It will not do. My feelings will not be repressed. You must allow me to tell you how ardently I admire and love you. As you read on you begin to warm towards Darcy as you start to feel sorry for him, even though he treated others exactly how is being treated now you see a likeness in his personality, he tries harder, for example Darcy saved Lydias name, he went to London to try and find Mr Wickham and Lydia, who were in hiding and paid off all of Wickhams large amounts of gambolling debt and in return Wickham was to get married to Lydia, this would be saving Lydias name as there wouldnt be any shame over the Bennet family. This shows immediately that Darcy has a nice side to him, Lizzy thanks him for his generosity and Darcy replies that he did so only because Lydia is her sister and states that his feelings for her have not changed. She responds in a different manner, and says that her feelings have changed towards him and that she is now willing to marry; this is shown to a reader in chapter 58, You are too generous to trifle with me. If your feelings are still what they were last April, tell me so at once. My affections and wishes are unchanged, but one word from you will silence me on this subject forever. I believe that Lizzy always liked Mr Darcy but when different events happened in the novel, her views changed and she believed what she heard though I dont think at any point in the novel that her perceptions of him changed as what she said didnt sound too convincing. .u7eef14b5194955a15d1f6991161bd761 , .u7eef14b5194955a15d1f6991161bd761 .postImageUrl , .u7eef14b5194955a15d1f6991161bd761 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u7eef14b5194955a15d1f6991161bd761 , .u7eef14b5194955a15d1f6991161bd761:hover , .u7eef14b5194955a15d1f6991161bd761:visited , .u7eef14b5194955a15d1f6991161bd761:active { border:0!important; } .u7eef14b5194955a15d1f6991161bd761 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u7eef14b5194955a15d1f6991161bd761 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u7eef14b5194955a15d1f6991161bd761:active , .u7eef14b5194955a15d1f6991161bd761:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u7eef14b5194955a15d1f6991161bd761 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u7eef14b5194955a15d1f6991161bd761 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u7eef14b5194955a15d1f6991161bd761 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u7eef14b5194955a15d1f6991161bd761 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u7eef14b5194955a15d1f6991161bd761:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u7eef14b5194955a15d1f6991161bd761 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u7eef14b5194955a15d1f6991161bd761 .u7eef14b5194955a15d1f6991161bd761-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u7eef14b5194955a15d1f6991161bd761:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Analysis of King Lear EssayHowever Mrs Bennetts perceptions change towards Mr Darcy, she did not like him as long as none of her daughters were dating him but as soon as Lizzy was engaged she changed her views due to his large income, Darcys comments and refusal to dance with anyone not rich and well bred. I also think that Janes perceptions of Darcy changed. She did not like it when Darcy and Lizzy liked one another but when she saw how much Lizzy was happy around him, and how Darcy had changed, she warmed to the idea. Jane suggests that Darcy no longer cares about the Bennet sisters low social status. And that Darcy has overcome this important obstacle at least to some; he now does nothing to dissuade his friend from tying himself to a disreputable family. Overall Darcy has two personalities in this novel, one of which was at the beginning of the novel where he was arrogant and rude towards other classes, his other personality would be a nicer part of him which had no particular chapter but gradually changed throughout the novel. He warmed towards characters as he realised that he liked Lizzy who was in a lower class than him, he began to notice that he isnt so perfect when Lizzy rejects his proposal, this was one of the key events. Also another key event is when the rumour of what Darcy had supposedly done to Wickham in the past was spread about the towns; this is when the characters perceptions increased their dislike towards him. I think that Austen created a character like Darcy to show the changes in status, also to show that a rich wealthy man like himself cannot get everything he wants due to his attitude. When realising this he changes his attitude towards others which is made clear to the reader, Darcy represents a typical 19th century gentleman and I think that Austen was trying to show that to be able to marry a woman you have to earn your right, as your wealth cannot get you everywhere.

Things Are Different From Each Other, And Each Can Be Reduced To Very

Things are different from each other, and each can be reduced to very small parts of itself. - Ancient knowledge This was noticed early by people, and Greek thinkers, about 400BC, used the words "element', and `atom' to describe the differences and smallest parts of matter. These ideas survived for 2000 years while concepts such as `Elements' of Earth, Fire, Air, and Water to explain `world stuff' came and went. Much later, Boyle, an experimenter like Galileo and Bacon, and who was influenced much by Democritus, Gassendi, and Descartes, lent important weight to the atomic theory of matter in the 1600s. It was Lavoisier who divided the few elements known in the 1700's into four classes, and then John Dalton made atoms even more convincing, suggesting that the mass of an atom was it's most important property. "The chemical elements are composed of... indivisible particles of matter, called atoms... atoms of the same element are identical in all respects, particularly weight." - Dalton In the early 1800's Dobereiner noted that similar elements often had relative atomic masses, and DeChancourtois made a cylindrical table of elements to display the periodic reoccurrence of properties. Cannizaro determined atomic weights for the 60 or so elements known in the 1860s, then a table was arranged by Newlands, with the elements given a serial number in order of their atomic weights, beginning with Hydrogen. This made evident that "the eighth element, starting from a given one, is a kind of repetition of the first", which Newlands called the Law of Octaves. Both Meyer and Mendeleyev constructed periodic tables independently, Meyer more impressed by the periodicity of physical properties, while Mendeleyev was more interested in the chemical properties. "...if all the elements be arranged in order of their atomic weights a periodic repetition of properties is obtained." - Mendeleyev Mendeleyev published his periodic table & law in 1869 and forecast the properties of missing elements, and chemists began to appreciate it when the discovery of elements predicted by the table took place. The `modern' periodic table is very much like a later table by Meyer, arranged, as was Mendeleev's, according to the size of the atomic weight, but with Group 0 added by Ramsay. Later, the table was reordered by Mosely according to atomic numbers (nuclear charge) rather than by weight. The Periodic Law revealed important analogies among the 94 naturally occurring elements, and stimulated renewed interest in Inorganic Chemistry in the nineteenth century which has carried into the present with the creation of artificially produced, short lived elements of `atom smashers' and supercolliders of high energy physics. Harry D. Hubbard, of the United States National Bureau of Standards, modernized Mendeleev's periodic table, and his first work was published in 1924. This was known as the "Periodic Chart of the Atoms". Into the 1930s the heaviest elements were being put up in the body of the periodic table, and Glenn Seaborg "plucked those out" while working with Fermi in Chicago, naming them the Actinide series, which later permitted proper placement of subsequently 'created' elements - the Transactinides. The Alexander Arrangement of the Elements, a three-dimensional periodic chart designed and patented by Roy Alexander and introduced in 1994, retains the separate Lanthanide and Actinide series, but integrates them at the same time, made possible by using all three dimensions. Further improvement provided by the Alexander Arrangement of the Elements is location of all the element data blocks in a continuous sequence according to atomic numbers while retaining all accepted property interrelationships. This eases use & understanding of the immense correlative power of the periodic chart in teaching, learning, and working with chemistry.

Concept of Millennial Generation

Generation y, also referred to as the Millennial Generation, Echo Boomers or Net Generation describes the demographic group succeeding generation x (Hira 1). The date of the start and end of this generation has been a matter of speculation with some suggesting that its birth occurred between the mid 1970s and the late 1980s. Some individuals argue that the generation comprises of individuals born in the early 21st century (Hira 1).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Concept of Millennial Generation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In all definitions, the term Net Generation is specifically used to refer to the age group of individuals born between 1983 and 1988. It is argued that a child born in the early 1980s was mature enough to father an offspring before the beginning of the millennium (Hira 1). Within this period, it is quoted that the US Census Bureau referred to this generation as Echo Boomers since it brought along a drastic increase in the birth rates from the early 1980s to the late 1990s (Hira 1). The generation y attributes varied based on the region, economic and communal conditions. However, one autonomous attribute concerning this generation is the extensive use and familiarity with modern technologies, media, and communications. In the political arena, the generation witnessed an increase in neoliberal advancements. A Similar approach was also realized in the economic sectors although their effects on the environment are unclear. Overtime, there has been a great deal of facts and misinformation in the media regarding generation y with newspapers, journals and books focusing more on the generation than any other generation. Background of generation Y In the media fraternity, the tem generation y initially appeared during the onset of the early 1990s (Maxwell 1). The term was a succeeding term to generation x. Generation x specifically comprises of individuals born betwe en the early 1960s and the late 1970s. This generation can be said to have witnessed the cold war and contributed to the rise of technology and the internet (Maxwell 1). The end of generation x in the late 1970s paved way for generation y that comprises of more than half of the world’s population currently. This generation is considered to be in the youthful stage of life. Characteristics of generation y In an attempt to define generation y, the media has come up with several attributes distinguishing the generation from other generations. Currently, the bulk of the generation y individuals are in their 20s. They are just joining the workforce (Kane 1).Advertising Looking for research paper on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More With a population of up to 70 million, they are the fastest growing group in any organization’s workforce. As companies and Industries compete for the available talent, employers cannot ignore the generation’s needs and talents. The generation’s characteristics are distinct from other generations in a number of ways (Kane 1). Tech-savvy Generation y can be considered tech-savvy as its members grew up in an era of new technologies. The group heavily relies on technology to perform daily tasks (Kane 1). Armed with sophisticated gadgets, phones and laptops, the generation is considered as best suited to tackle the current tech-savvy issues in the workplace (Kane 1). Another major attribute of this generation is its form and means of communication. Unlike generation x, which preferred face-face communication, the group fancies e-mail and text –messaging (Kane 1). Online technologies such as online learning, marketing and telecommuting techniques are more preferred by the group as compared to generation x. Similarly, generation y professionals are able to operate with flexible work schedules, work better and receive huge earnings f rom their fewer billable hours (Kane 1). In my opinion, the media’s description of the group is valid as market research indicates that most buyers of modern electronics and technologies are the persons between the ages of 20 and 30 years. This age group comprises of the generation y individuals (Kane 1). Achievement oriented As the media asserts, generation y parents can be considered as individuals who never compromise on the previous generation’s mistakes while bringing up their children (Kane 1). Thus, the generation can be considered as confident, determined and goal-oriented unlike generation x. In the workforce, the generation has high expectations, confront new challenges, and act and ask questions with authority. Unlike generation x, individuals belonging to generation y are known to have changed workplaces more often (Kane 1). However, in my opinion I disagree with the media views describing the generation as more goal oriented. In the contemporary society, g eneration x members can be considered to be more focused on their achievements than generation y. Thus, the media’s perception is not entirely through on this generation. Team-oriented The media suggests that generation y spent its early years preoccupied with team sports and numerous group activities. In this regard, individuals in this group have grown up to become people who value cooperation in their daily activities. Unlike other past generations, the generation can be considered more loyal, committed and team oriented (Kane 1).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Concept of Millennial Generation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In my view, the media’s attributes on generation y regarding cooperation and teamwork is true. Evidenced by the continuous involvement of the generation in team buildings and social networking, the group can be considered more team-oriented than any other generati on. Diversity Children belonging to generation y have experienced a more diverse society than any other generation. The society has increased its multicultural values altering the traditional family believes and values. As a result, the generation and their families have witness several sexual alignments in the society. In the early 1980s, at the birth of the generation, homophobia was rampant in the American society (Kane 1). On the contrary, today’s society is less opposed to the homosexual behaviors. This is because of the increased number of less conservative and diverse generation y individuals in the society. Researchers have noted that the greatest achievement brought about by this generation in the American society is the diversification of American cultures (Kane 1). The generation has overturned the older generations’ believes as it has redefined its own cultural styles, permissions and linguistics. In its lifestyles behaviors, the generation has appeared to be more tolerant to cohabitation, single parenting and comprehensive families unlike generation x. Similarly, in the political arena, generation y has proved to be more democratic and liberal than the past generations (Hira 1). To hold up to the media’s views, I do think the generation diversity is undoubted. This is true because the generation’s lifestyle is unique and assorted unlike any other generation indicating its diversity. Social evolution for generation y Generation y individuals are responsible for the global evolution and spread of information technology (Ponce 1). With the drastic social media evolution, technology has become part of the daily activities. Businesses and other related workforce have undergone a major restructuring in order to position themselves at the competitive edge (Ponce 1). In the workforce, generation y has facilitated communication and networking through mediums like Facebook, Twitter and other social channels of communication. Chal lenging the use of the old means of communication, and appreciating and accepting the generation’s technologies, ideas, and concepts will significantly enhance companies’ workforce (Ponce 1).Advertising Looking for research paper on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Currently, companies that have adopted the generation’s social tools and concepts have a greater chance of gaining new knowledge, enhance teamwork, save time, communicate, and overcome information gaps (Ponce 1). The generation’s attitude coupled with its creativity and ambitiousness has revolutionized the workplace. Therefore, I consider the media’s analysis on the contribution of this group to be valid. Similarly, in my view, through the evolution of the social media instigated by generation y, business ventures have had improved productivity coupled with efficient workforce. As seen from the human resource shift to social media as a tool for recruiting generation y workers, the social media is a successful and innovative product of this generation (â€Å"Interview Questions† 1.) Conclusion In my opinion, the media’s definition of generation y is appropriate. This is because the media’s method of specifically distinguishing this generation from other generations is fully substantiated (Joella 1). Thus, one can easily identify and distinguish a generation y individual from other generations. Due to its current immense contribution in various sectors ranging from economic to technological sectors, the group’s contribution is undoubted. Thus, it is appropriate for companies and business ventures to allow the generation y labor force into their premises if they want to remain viable and increase productivity in the current market system. Works Cited Joella, Annabelle. â€Å"English Investigative Journalism: Newspaper Articles: Gen Y more gracious than Gen X: Survey AND More giving to charity from the grave.† English Investigative Journalism. Version 1. no publisher, 2012. Web. Hira, Nadira A. â€Å"Generation Y – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.† Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. wikipedia. Web. â€Å"Interview Questions Excellent Sample Responses: 97-104.† Quintessential Careers: Col lege, Careers, and Jobs Guide. no publisher. Web. Kane, Sally. â€Å"Generation Y – Characteristics of Generation Y.† Legal Careers – A Guide to Legal Careers and Law Enforcement Careers. Version 1. no publisher. Web. Maxwell, Kerry. â€Å"Generation Y – definition of Generation Y, Gen Y, BuzzWord from Macmillan Dictionary.† Macmillan Dictionary and Thesaurus: Free English Dictionary Online. Version 1. macmillan, 2010. Web. Ponce , Sandra. † The Social Evolution for Generation Y.† Social Business News: Insights, Analysis and Opinions about the Social Organization. Version 1. no publisher, 2012. Web. This research paper on Concept of Millennial Generation was written and submitted by user Stephanie N. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Bernard MacLaverty More Than Just The Disease Essays

Bernard MacLaverty More Than Just The Disease Essays Bernard MacLaverty More Than Just The Disease Essay Bernard MacLaverty More Than Just The Disease Essay the cupboard of black lacquer with a yellow inlay of exotic birds. Such items may make the reader think that the owner is well-travelled and open-minded but the rest of the house is neat and orderly with a place for everything and everything in its place as typical of those times. This portrays an image of an inhibiting environment much more typical of Victorian attitudes and standards. Importantly, the house does not belong to Michaels family but is used to represent an image of the family. The garden which is steep and terraced is also described as being equally well tended to. The house-owner, Mrs Wan, stays in a caravan at the bottom of the garden when the house is rented out. This setting is described in stark contrast to the main home. It is untidy and unkempt. This lady lives in an apparently slovenly and unrestrictive environment which seems to present an image of open-mindedness. Perhaps this lady has better things to do with her time than be preoccupied with trivia. The author maybe uses this contrast to highlight the various attitudes of the characters to Neils condition. The main character is Neil who suffers from severe psoriasis on his chest. He is ashamed and embarrassed by this ailment which is generally typified by inflamed patches of skin called lesions covered by silvery white scales. His outbreaks are described as: a redness with an edge as irregular as a map. Due to this skin condition, he will not go swimming with the rest of Michaels family. This causes them to ask questions because the weather is so warm: Im boiling already states Michael. Neil does not confide in Michael the true reason why he will not bear his skin probably partly because he may never have done so before and because as a peer, he assumes that Michael would probably be less than understanding. However, the friends relationship changes due to Neils efforts to stay covered and we can see from Michaels reactions: I might as well have asked a girl to come on holiday and useless bloody mamas boy that Michael is frustrated. Neil doesnt explain why he isnt joining in with all the activities so Michael presumes that he is dull and boring. Neil is used to being regarded as less sporty, less macho and altogether less useful as a companion. Michael is obviously regretting bringing Neil on holiday which makes Neil feel misunderstood . Neil perhaps would like to tell Michael of his problem but is afraid of rejection just because he is different. It ,then distances the friends from each other. Neils fist bunched in the sand. is a physical representation of his own frustration. In his interactions with Michaels mother, an element of humour is introduced as Neil puts all efforts into finding a valid excuse for not going swimming. The fact is Ive got my period. This obviously echoes from his mothers range of excuses but amuses the family as he clearly fails to understand the term. Michaels mother, however, does not probe any further probably to save him any further embarrassment but maybe also because she has no interest in solving his problem. Michaels sister was obviously quite keen for him to join in the fun at the beach but she too loses interest in him when he refuses to participate in the fun. Neil is probably quite used to feeling treated in this way and also quite adept at hiding any feelings of self-pity, anger, embarrassment and loneliness. In fact, he may often prefer to be alone to save having to make excuses at all. Throughout the text, Neils own views reflect those of his absent mother and he imagines what her comments would be in many situations: If there is one thing I cannot abide its a milk bottle on the table. It seems that his mothers views about his condition have also affected his own. When he suffered an inflammation which was apparent above his collar: that week his mother had kept him off school. The reasons for her actions could be numerous perhaps she herself did not know how to deal with it; perhaps she understood the condition but felt those around him would not; perhaps she felt that they wou ld be regarded as unclean and she already had the stigma and efforts of being a single parent to cope with. Whatever her reasons, Neils ability to deal with his condition and form relationships is affected by her views. He is very reluctant to confide in anyone. He also behaves much like a stereotypical only child in many ways very polite and good at casual conversation with adults. Neils life changes, however, when he encounters Mrs Wan for a second time. He has noticed that she seems different to those around him in that she wears baggy trousers, a turban-shaped hat and mens garden gloves. She appears in real contrast to his own mother who is portrayed as neat, orderly, thrift and concerned about appearances. Mrs Wan seems taken by Neils caring nature and mannerly disposition when he returns a stray kitten to her caravan although he may just also be taking the animal back as a way of avoiding the attentions of Michaels family and the whole beach experience at the time. Similarly, Neil also strikes her as very different from the other children such as Michael who habitually throws stones in her pond and who we suspect she has little time for because she mistakenly calls him Benjamin. The pair strike up a conversation and before he knows it, he has revealed his secret to her. Everything about this woman is honest and apparent which seems to set the standard for their conversation: this old woman seemed to demand the truth. He may have found it so easy to be honest with her because she was a stranger, because she was obviously quite worldly and little concerned with looks and because she seemed so approachable. She is unflinching when she examines his psoriasis and offers words of wisdom: Watch that you dont suffer from more than the disease. He claims that he does not understand and she elaborates: Its bad enough having it without being shy about it as well. This reaction is completely new to Neil and this conversation is a turning point in his life. He seems stronger and more mature after his conversations with her. When Michael suddenly approaches, he does not hurriedly cover up as he may well have done previously although there is obvious surprise and shock in Michaels voice on seeing the affected skin. Michael responds favourably as he appears to understand the reasons for Neils behaviour. The pair are re-united in friendship which is demonstrated by their late night swim. Neil is able to take part in a regular boy experience for the first time even if it is after dark. The short story therefore ends on a promising note. This boy who was so obviously troubled by his condition has been transformed and finds that through sharing his problem, he cements his friendships. Maybe he will find a popularity based on his own personality now rather than on his mothers ability to provide passes to the cinema. Neils disease had consumed him and dictated his lifestyle. He seems to have learned that that did not have to be the case.

Health and safety assessment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Health and safety assessment - Essay Example According to Health and Safety at Work ( 2007), organizations have legal responsibilities towards their employees, among them are : In view of this, organizations must seriously consider conducting periodic risk assessment in order to prevent serious legal problems which could lead to the closure of a business. Although a business cannot totally eliminate all the risks in a workplace, management can lessen the probability of accidents by carefully evaluating the potential hazards by carrying out a risk assessment. The group assumed that certain hazards would be visible upon our visit to the facility we have chosen. The group selected the engineering facilities of Penrhyn Road - Sopwith Building since it a good example of a workplace that carries a lot of risks for two main reasons: it is a very busy workplace and a lot of equipment and machinery are being used there on a daily basis. The group visited the said facilities after asking permission. A Technician was assigned to us who willingly guided us through the facilities and explained to us some of the equipments that they have been using. They also allowed us to take some pictures since they were aware that we are doing a risk assessment for educational purposes. In order to have a reliable report, we visited the facility a couple of times and recorded our observations. Moreover, the group met after every visit to discuss the observations that we just recorded. The most important thing in this report is to abide by the guidelines in conducting a risk assessment which can be found at the HSE website. The group members agreed to follow the fi ve steps indicated in the brochure. The first step in Risk Assessment is to walk around the place by making observations on possible sources of hazard that can cause harm to the workers. In order to substantiate the findings, the group took pictures of situations where hazards exist. An example of this is a picture of wooden

Nursing Informatics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Nursing Informatics - Essay Example The affiliation of the sponsors are outlined in the copyright section where the website delineates affiliation to credible sources such as the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database Consumer Version, A.D.A.M. Medical Encyclopedia, Patient Education Institute, Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary, ORLive, HealthDay and Reuters, and U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. There isn’t a link identified that will allow the user to contact the author however, Medline Plus has provided a contact form to answer users’ queries and if user’s browser does not work with forms, alternative emails and phone number are provided to communicate queries directly to the customer service of the U.S. National Library of Medicine. Funding. Most of the content of Medline Plus website is available at no charge. That is because the primary purpose of Medline Plus website is merely educational and not to sell product or service. Commer cial funding is not stated in the website but in the disclaimer section, it has been stated that the U.S. government provides fund for the website. Some advertisements are present in the website but Medline Plus makes sure that advertisers follow the advertising policy of Medline Plus by clearly stating the difference between content and advertising. Advertisers or sponsors must not play a role in selecting or editing information (Medline Plus, 2011). Advertisements and directories of health professionals, services, and facilities might be included in the website but Medline Plus does not recommend or endorse these services. In addition, any potential conflict of interest with the users will exclude linked organizations and Web sources from the... This essay discusses the connections between profesional nursing work and an Internet source named Medline Plus that is a most common and helpful today for health care employees. It is stated that some nurses prefer the Internet in answering clinical questions and searching for updates in the field of health care. In this case, nurses who are often using Internet searches are encouraged to develop a list of trusted health-information websites known for credibility. Several advance skills are necessary to evaluate and appraise a health-related website as well as a criterion guide to ensure the quality of websites being accessed routinely. The researcher develops the website critique which will be evaluated the Medline website in terms of source, funding, and validity. Medline plus caters links to different sources which specified individual authors of various specific articles. Medline Plus is being sponsored by the National Institutes of Health. Most of the nurses around the globe vi ewed Medline plus as a credible source of information due to the reason that the information. The researcher also uses The Thede and Sewell criterion in critiquing a Website that is a very important tool not only for the health-allied professionals but also to the general users. The researcher then sums up that this website offers safety and security of information of users, credibility of author, protection of users’ interests, updated information free from biases, and preservation of users’ privacy.

Contributions of Mansa Musa to the greatness of Mali Empire Essay

Contributions of Mansa Musa to the greatness of Mali Empire - Essay Example The Mali Empire extended to the east from the Atlantic coasts along the River Niger delta, which is known for the richness in agriculture, to beyond the village of Timbuktu. The northern border of this region was formed by the Sahara desert well known for dryness and hot climate. A tropical jungle formed the south. The Mali kingdom owes its success to the Niger River, which rises in southwest sides of Guinea and flows towards the east of West Africa through Nigeria shortly before flowing into the Atlantic Ocean. Along the banks of the River, Niger laid fertile soil that was left behind when the river became flooded each year. For this reason, many important cities emerged in the Niger delta and thus, trading of goods became more popular. Muslim traders that came from northern Africa, Orient, and Arabia found their way to different regions of Timbuktu due to the domestication of camels and good economic prospects in the Mali Empire at that time. They were able to transport their goods across the dry and hot Sahara desert to do business with people who lived along river Niger. Musa being the leader of Mali Empire denied non-believers of Islam access to river Niger markets. The trade made the River Niger’s markets thrive, thus, developing this empire (Tschanz 4-7). A natural trading intersection was formed in Timbuktu. The northern bank of river Niger became the stopping zone for camels. Timbuktu occupied the central bend of the river, which means that only boats were used to move goods along the river from east to west.

Parameter Dependencies: Problems and Solutions

Parameter Dependencies: Problems and Solutions Abstract This masters thesis concerns development of embedded control systems. Development process for embedded control systems involves several steps, such as control design, rapid prototyping, fixed-point implementation and hardware-in-the-loop-simulations. Another step, which Volvo is not currently using within climate control is on-line tuning. One reason for not using this technique today is that the available tools for this task (ATI Vision, INCA from ETAS or CalDesk from dSPACE) do not handle parameter dependencies in a satisfactory way. With these constraints of today, it is not possible to use online tuning and controller development process is more laborious and time consuming. The main task of this thesis is to solve the problem with parameter dependencies and to make online tuning possible. 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background Volvo technology (VTEC) is an innovation company that provides expert functions and develops new technology for â€Å"hard† as well as â€Å"soft† products within the transport and vehicle industry. Among other things VTEC is working with embedded control systems. For one of the embedded control systems particularly â€Å"Climate Control Module (CCM)†, VTEC is working with the whole chain. VTEC does this for Volvo Cars, Volvo Trucks, Volvo Construction Equipment, Renault Trucks and Land Rover. The work process for embedded control system developmet is typically as follows: Control Design Rapid Control Prototyping Fixed-Point Implementation Hardwar-In-the-Loop Simulation Online Tuning. It is an iterative process, but there is one problem for the last step, which limits the possibilities of working iteratively. Control design is typically made in MATLAB/Simulink and Fixed-Point implementation is typically made with a tool such as TargetLink. During these steps the parameters may be handled in an m-file. When going to the on-line tuning step however, the parameters are handled in a tool such as ATI Vision, INCA or CalDesk. Once you have taken this step the connection to the m-file is lost. Therefore the last step is somewhat of a one-way step. It is not completely impossible to go back to the earlier steps in the development chain, but the iterative process is not well supported by available on-line tuning tools of today. The following m-script instructions are examples of parameter dependencies that will cause the mentioned problems: Heating = [ -100, -20, 0, 20, 100 ]; BlowerHt = [ 12, 5, 4, 5, 10 ]; Blower_min = min[ BlowerHt]; Defrosting = [ 0, 20, 100 ]; BlowerDef = [ Blower_min, Blower_min, 10 ]; Using the above vectors in interpolation tables, one table with Heating as input vector and BlowerHt as output vector and another table with Defrosting as input vector and BlowerDef as output vector would cause problems during on-line tuning process. Three of the elements are meant to have identical values, but the tools, as it is today would allow them to be tuned individually. This is just one of many constructs, which may be very useful as long as you are in the MATLAB environment but causes problems during the on-line tuning process. 1.2 Goals and objectives The main goals of this masters thesis are: To investigate the problem of parameter dependencies. To find possible solutions. To make online tuning possible for dependency parameters in the development process of embedded control systems.. 2 BACKGROUND 2.1 EMBEDDED SYSTEMS 2.1.1 History of Embedded Systems In the era of earliest development of computers i.e. 1930-40s, generally computers were capable of doing a single task. Over time with the advancement in technology, traditional electromechanical sequencers presented the concept of programmable controllers using solid state devices. â€Å"One of the first recognizably modern embedded systems was the Apollo Guidance Computer, developed by Charles Stark Draper at the MIT Instrumentation Laboratory.†[1] After the early applications in 1960, the prices of embedded systems have come down and their processing power has been increased dramatically. A standard for programmable microcontrollers was released in 1978 by National Engineering Manufacturing Association. This standard was for almost any computer-based controllers for example event-based controllers and single board computers. When the production cost of microprocessors and microcontrollers fell, it became feasible to replace old, big and expensive components like potentiometers and varicaps with microprocessor read knobs. With the integration of microcontrollers, the application of embedded systems has further increased. The embedded systems are being used into areas where generally computers would not have been considered. Most of the complexity is contained within the microcontroller itself and very few additional components are needed. So because of this most effort is in software area.(last sentence is difficult to understand). 2.1.2 Common Characteristics Embedded Systems have several common characteristics. Uni-Functional: Embedded systems are usually designed to execute only one program but repeatedly. For example, an ordinary scientific calculator will always do only calculations. While on the other hand, a laptop computer can execute an enormous number of different programs, like web browsers, word processors, programming tools and video games. New programs or softwares are added very frequently. Tightly constrained: All computing systems have constraints on design metrics, but these constraints can be very tight for embedded systems. A design metric is defined as, â€Å"a measure of an implementations features, such as cost, size, performance, and power†. Embedded systems are often desired to cost just a few dollars, they must be designed for minimum size to fit on a single chip, they must be able to perform fast processing in order to process real-time data, and they must consume minimum power in order to extend battery life or may be to prevent the requirement of a cooling fan. Reactive and real-time: Many embedded systems should be able to continually react to changes in the systems environment. They must also compute certain results in real time without too much delay. For example, a cruise controller in cars have to monitor and react to speed and brake sensors continuously. It must compute acceleration or decelerations repeatedly within quite limited time; a delay in computation of results could result in a fatal failure to maintain control of the car. On the other hand, a desktop computer generally focuses on computations with comparatively infrequent reactions to input devices. In addition, a delay in those computations may perhaps be inconvenient to the user but that does not result in a system failure. 2.2 Model Based Design Model-Based design in short MBD is a mathematical and visual method of addressing problems associated with designing complex control systems. It is used in many industrial equipment designing, automotive and aerospace applications. Here in this thesis our focus is on climate control of new vehicles. This methodology is used in designing embedded software. Embedded software development consists of four steps: Modeling a plant. Analyzing and synthesizing a controller for the plant. Simulating the plant and controller. Integrating all these phases by developing the controller. Model-based design is quite different from the conventional designing method. In this methodology designer use continuous and discrete time building blocks instead of using long and complex software coding. This model based design enables designer to fast prototyping, testing and verification. Along with all these advantages, dynamic effects on the system can also be tested in hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) simulation mode. Some important steps in model-based design approach are: By choosing appropriate algorithm and acquisition of real-world system data, various types of simulations and analysis can be performed before producing a real controller. The model produced in step one is used to identify characteristics of the plant model. Then a controller can be made based on these characteristics. Using this model, the effect of time varying inputs can be analyzed. In this way the possible errors can be eliminated and it is very convenient to change and test any other parameters. Last step is deployment. Advantages of model based design compared with the conventional approach are as follows: Model based design provides common design environment which is important for development groups from the view point of general communication and specifically for data analysis and system verification. Model based design enable engineers to detect and correct errors in early phase of development. This is crucial point for minimizing time and financial impact of system. Model based design can be reused later for upgrading and for derivative systems which are capable to expand. 2.3 ECU DEVELOPMENT 2.3.1 Conventional Approach for ECU Development The conventional approach for electronic control unit, ECU, development is summarized in following four steps: Some experienced personal define the functions and system architecture and then the hardware engineer design the hardware circuit. Control engineer design the control algorithms and a programmer generate a handwritten code for that algorithms. Then these control algorithm program codes and hardware are integrated and tested by system engineer or maybe hardware engineer. Then on the engine test bench the complete system is tested. There are few problems with this conventional approach for ECU development. First and very major problem is that the hardware circuits are made before the confirmation of control rules and results. Only this factor adds a big risk in the process of ECU development. Secondly if some error is encountered during the program code testing, it is very difficult to judge whether the error is because of software codes or in the control algorithms. This programming of the control algorithm is itself a very time consuming process and it take additional time when some errors are encountered and the process of debugging. Since many people from different field of work are involved in this process so coordination between them also take time and it makes the development cost to increase. [2] Thats why the conventional development process can not satisfy the demand of modern age and its requirements. 2.3.2 Modern ECU Development On the bases of integrated development environment, the modern development of electronic control units can be efficiently completed and tested. Using model based simulation and hardware-in-the-loop simulation it is very easy and convenient to eliminate software errors and to modify the control algorithms. Due to this the development cost is reduced and development efficiency is improved. This modern development process is called V-cycle development process. This process is illustrated in Ffig. 1. (when you use figures from other publications, you have to get permission from the auther. It is not enough to put a reference) Fig. 1. The V-Cycle of model-based software development. [2] This process is summarized as follows: Using very sophisticated tools like MATLAB/Simulink/Stateflow and dSPACE TargetLink, the control algorithms are modeled. These control algorithms are confirmed using off-line simulations. The ANSI C code is produced using code generation tool. The one we are using is dSPACE TargetLink. The code produced in above step is compiled and downloaded into the control module and simulation is done in Hardware-in-the-loop mode, which confirms the credibility of the control algorithms. This tested program code of control algorithms is downloaded into the electronic control unit for further test and modification. Finally calibration of the whole control system is done. 2.4 Universal measurement and Calibration Protocol (XCP) â€Å"XCP is a standardized and universally applicable protocol with much rationalization potential. It is not only used in ECU development, calibration and programming, it is also used to integrate any desired measurement equipment for prototype development, functional development with bypassing and at SIL(define) and HIL(define) test stands.†[16] For calibration and measurements, it is common practice to connect electronic control units in a *CAN* network. For this purpose CAN calibration protocol is used extensively. With increasing demands of more sophisticated controllers, new electronic control units are becoming more and more complex and for that reason new networks are being developed such as, FlexRay, TTCAN etc.(give references) To meet the needs of new networks, the measurement and calibration protocol should be more generalized and flexible. This generalized and flexible protocol is XCP (Universal measurement and calibration protocol). XCP is independent of transport layers. So in XCP, â€Å"X† generalizes the various transport layers that * Details about CAN are provided in Appendix A. are used by the members of the protocol family e.g. [9] XCP on CAN XCP on FlexRay XCP on Ethernet XCP on USB and so on (you have to refere to each figure) Fig. 2. XCP support for different transport layers [10]. 3 PROBLEM INVESTIGATION This chapter will give answers to the following questions: What is parameter dependency problem? What is the effect of parameter dependency problem on tuning of embedded control systems? What are the difficulties to solve the problem at different platforms? Note: All examples used in this report are only for illustration purposes and are NOT the actual parameters used in climate control module of Volvo Cars and Volvo Trucks. 3.1 Complete process for developing embedded control systems The complete process for developing embedded control systems is illustrated in Ffig. 3. First step of this development process is to define parameters and that can be done in the m-file. These parameter values are loaded into MATLAB base workspace from where TargetLink/Simulink model fetches these values to simulate the process. After checking the simulation results and doing some modifications if required, C-code is generated by TargetLink. That C-code contains all the information about the control algorithm and input values. In the next step the auto-generated C-code is compiled using a Green Hills Suite. Fig. 3. Complete Production(rapid prototyping process?) Process. Green Hills software together with GNU Make and VBF converter is used to generate a map file and VBF file (Volvo Binary Format). This vbf file is downloaded in the embedded controller. The map file is used to generate A2L file using TargetLink. This A2L file is required by the calibration tool (for this project ATI VISION is used for calibration) and then using this calibration tool we can do parameters modifications in ECU. These modifications are also called tuning. 3.2 Parameter Dependency As all parameters are defined in a m-file, some parameters depend on the values of some other parameters. It may also be possible that the values obtained as a result of calculation between two or more parameters are used in the definition of other parameters. So, all those parameters which contain some other parameters or calculations of some other parameters in their definitions are called dependent parameters e.g. In above example parameters: Parameter 2 is dependent on parameter 1. Parameter 4 is dependent on parameter 2 and 3. Parameter 6 is dependent on parameter 2 and 3. 3.3 Reasons for introducing parameter dependencies Thinking of parameter dependencies a question may arise in minds that, â€Å"Why do we need to introduce parameter dependencies at the first place?† Answer to this question is that, when designing a control algorithm in a tool such as Simulink, it is convenient to use named parameters (variables) instead of hard coded numbers (constants). For instance, if the highest fan available corresponds to a voltage of 13.5V. Designer may want to have a parameter for this, so that instead of using the value 13.5 at many instances of algorithm, the name of parameter specified for that value can be used. If one day that hardware is needed to be changed and for new hardware 13.4V is the maximum that can be used for highest fan level, then it is easier to change one parameter value rather than changing many hard coded values at different instances. Sometimes it is good to have one parameter depending on another. For instance in a look-up table, there are several values in each vector and these values may depend on other parameters. It would be rather limiting if a vector or a matrix could only contains hard coded numbers. So, the use of dependent parameters helps keeping a good structure in the algorithm. It makes easier to work with the parameters. 3.4 Statistics about parameter dependency There are quite significant numbers of parameters which are dependent on other parameters. For instance in Climate Control P3, total number of parameters is 1618 out of which 227 parameters are dependent on other parameters and 1391 parameters are independent. We call independent parameters as â€Å"Base Parameters†. Fig.4 Percent of Dependent parameters 3.5 Parameter dependency problem in development process To analyze the problem of parameter dependency, lets walk through the development process of embedded control systems and find out what exactly is the problem with parameter dependencies. As the process starts with parameter definitions in m-file, so the investigation starts from m-file, see Fig. 5.. To visualize this process, an illustration with an example of parameter with dependencies in its definition is shown as follows: Fig.5. Example of parameter definition in m-file. After defining all parameters, the m-file is run in MATLAB. In this step all the values of dependency parameters are evaluated by MATLAB and are loaded into MATLAB base workspace. Precisely during this loading process the dependencies are replaced by their values and any information about the relation of a parameter with dependency parameter is lost. Fig.6. Dependency loss in MATLAB base workspace. As now the dependency information is lost, so this loss will propagate through all the further steps, for example in C-code generation, A2L file and in strategy(?) file. Following F fig 7. shows that the propagation of dependency information loss. So in C-code there is no information with the help of which we can trace dependency parameters. Fig.7 Propagation of dependency loss from MATLAB to C-code. 3.6 Effect of parameter dependencies on development process The problem caused by parameter dependencies comes to the surface during the calibration step. During calibration the values of parameters are tuned. When the information of parameter dependencies is lost, then we have to tune each parameter value individually. This is shown in the Ffollowing fig 8. Fig.8. Effect of dependency loss on development process. So if a parameter is used, for instance, in the definitions of five different parameters, then we have to tune the value of that parameter at those five locations individually. If there is any calculation involved in any parameter definition, then we must do it manually and update the value. This process of changing values manually is very time consuming and error prone. There is another possibility that to avoid doing these calculations and tuning parameter values individually. We can change the parameter values in the original m-file, where we have all parameter definitions and repeat the complete process again. This is very laborious work and it also takes a lot of time, so this possibility is not so feasible. 4 POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS As the complete process for developing embedded controllers is a multistage process and it depends on four highly sophisticated software platforms. So there can be different approaches to solve the dependency information loss. Following are the possible platforms for doing modifications in order to handle the dependency loss problem. MATLAB TargetLink model C-code Calibration tool Separate windows application Following is the in depth analysis of above mentioned platforms and possibility of finding a feasible solution. 4.1 Parameter dependencies and MATLAB When m-script, containing all parameter definitions, is run in MATLAB, all parameter values are evaluated and stored in MATLAB base workspace. Right at this first step dependency information in m-script is lost. The Rreason of this loss is that MATLAB base workspace support values belonging to only one class type. That can be â€Å"char†, â€Å"double†, â€Å"struct† or any other class but the values can not belong to a mixture of two or more class types, i.e., values cannot consist of two elements of an array belonging to â€Å"char† class and other elements of array belonging to â€Å"double† class.(I guess that a struct can consist of chars as well of doubles) Fig.9. Supported Class types in MATLAB base workspace. In our case of parameter dependency for example, we have an array of eighth elements. Second element and eighth element of our example array are names of some other parameters, so these names belongs to char class and rest of elements of that array are numerical values belonging to double class. So MATLAB evaluates the values of dependency parameters and replace all names with their corresponding values and our dependency information is lost. Although there is a function in MATLAB called â€Å"eval† and this function can be used instead of dependency parameter name but this does not solve our problem because this function will evaluate the values of those parameters and eventually its the value of parameter which is updated in the base workspace and dependency information is still filtered out. Moral of the story is that we can not do anything in MATLAB to save our dependency information until unless MathWorks do some changes in MATLAB so that base workspace would be able to support values belonging to different classes in same definition. 4.2 Parameter dependencies and TargetLink In TargetLink we can use custom lookup tables and we can include custom code. Let us suppose for a moment that by adding these custom lookup tables and using some extra blocks we manage to introduce lost dependency information in TargetLink model. But when TargetLink will generate C-code, most probably it will evaluate all those values and resulting values will be included in C-code. There are two reasons for this behavior of TargetLink: First reason is that, TargetLink work inside MATLAB so all the calculations are done in MATLAB and we face the same problem as described previously. Second reason is that, dSPACE claims that TargetLink generates C-code in the most efficient way, because this C-code is flashed into controller in binary format, so it is the maximum effort of TargetLink to keep C-code as small as possible because of the limited memory of ECU and demand of high operational speed. So TargetLink does not generate extra variables and pointer in C-code until unless some significant changes are done in TargetLink by dSPACE. 4.3 Parameter dependencies and C-code C-code generated by TargetLink can be modified and it is possible to add any kind of extra information but there are two reasons which make this possibility impracticable. First reason is that, this C-code will be flashed into ECU and there is very limited memory in the control unit and bigger C-code will result into a less efficient embedded controller. Second reason which makes this possibility impracticable is that. iIt requires a lot of manual labor every time we change something. This is also error prone. 4.4 Parameter dependencies and Calibration tool In calibration tool like ATI VISION, there is an option to use script written in Vision scripting language or in Visual basic. Instead of doing manual calibration we can automate calibration using the script. In our case, we have matrices with dependencies. So in order to do calibration using thescripting option we have to write function for doing matrix calculations and then that script must be able to evaluate dependencies according to new values. So this option is not so feasible. 4.5 Separate windows application After analyzing all possibilities only one option is left. That is to develop a separate windows application which will extract dependency information from m-script, calculate the values of dependency parameters according to the values tuned in calibration tool and will implement those new values of dependencies back in calibration tool. 5 SELECTED SOLUTION After analysis of all possible solutions, it is deducted that the most feasible solution to the dependency loss problem is a separate windows application which: Extracts dependency information from m-file. Gets tuned parameter values from calibration tool. Calculates all values corresponding to those tuned parameter values. And implements updated values of dependency parameters back in calibration tool. 5.1 Reasons for selecting this solution Among other solutions we have selected development of â€Å"separate windows application†, as a feasible solution. Major reasons for selecting this solution are as follows: Selected solution which is developing a separate windows application does not need any modification of present softwares. This solution is fast, no extra licenses are required for this and it works just according to our requirements. If we choose any solution which includes modification in software tools, then that involves the involvement of tool makers. That process of convincing toolmakers to modify their software according to our requirements and if they agree then the process of developing and releasing new version of software may take very long time. Tool makers would charge a great sum of money to make specified changes or for making an add-on application for the softwares. 5.2 Overview of solution The solution is an application named â€Å"Dependency Calibrator†. It works in two steps. In the first step the m-file is parsed and the information of dependency parameter along with their location in parent parameter areis extracted and rearranged in a way that it can be used in the second step that is calibration. During the second part of the process, first of all the application will import data from VISION so that if user has tuned any value in calibration tool, that data will be updated in MATLAB and then the application will do calculations in MATLAB after that new values obtained as a result of those calculation will be updated again back to VISION. This cyclic process from VISION to MATLAB and back to VISION will update parameter values. If user has changed values which was used by other parameters, those new values will be updated on all locations where they are used. This is shown in the following figFig. 10.. Fig. 10. Overview of solution. The application â€Å"Dependency Calibrator† is divided into two parts. Parser Calibrator Detailed explanation of how this application isn working is as follows. 5.3 Required Softwares Parser works without any requirement of external software but in order to run â€Å"Calibrator† following softwares must be installed on your system: MATLAB R2007b ATI VISION 3.5.3 MATLAB is automatically launched by the application but make sure to launch ATI VISION before you use â€Å"Calibrator† part of â€Å"Dependency Calibrator† application. 5.4 Project file Project file is a key to control the â€Å"Dependency Calibrator† application. Instead of using hard coded paths for different files used in this application, an option is given to the users to select their desired locations. These locations can be specified in a separate file which is named as project file. In this project file the instructions can be given after certain tags. One must be very careful because these tags should not be altered. While user inputs can be given after the symbol â€Å"@†. â€Å"Dependency Calibrator† application is in fact capable of handling multiple m-files and multiple c-files. Directory path for these files can be specifies in project file. Project file contains following tags: VISIONs Device Name @ : After this tag, name of the hardware device which is used in the VISION device tree, should be given. For example, VISIONs Device Name @ PCM Or VISIONs Device Name @ CCM Path of m File @ : After this tag the full path for m-file should be given. If number of m-files is more than one, then this tag followed by file path of those m-files should be given on a new line. Parser will read all these files and will merge them into one file. For example, Path of m File @ C:FolderNamesubFolderFile_Name.m Path of m File @ C:FolderName2subFolder2File_Name2.m Root directory for c files @ : In general practice c files can be generated in different folders but their root directory remains same. So in order to avoid repeating same address and to minimize the chances of error this tag is introduced in project file. So after this tag path of root directory for c files should be specified. Please note that there should be no â€Å"† at the end of root directory path. For example: Root directory for c files @ D:ABC_XYZsubFoldersubSub Folders containing c-files @: After this tag the names of folders which contain c files should be specified. If there are more than one folder containing c files then those folders names should be added after a comma â€Å",†. The parser will then search these folders for all c files contained in them. For example: Folders containing c-files @ FolderMedCfiles,subFoldercFolder Root Output Directory @: This tag should be followed by the path for required location where the user wants the application to generate all files. For example: Root Output Directory @ C: Extra File for calibrating non-calibratable parameters @: After this tag, there should be the path for the file containing names of those parameters which are not calibratable but they are desired to be calibrated in VISION. Those names should be exactly the same as defined in m-file, followed by underscore â€Å"_† and followed by any desired word or character. For example: Extra File for calibrating non-calibratable parameters @ C:ExtraParNames.txt 5.5 Parser The F first part of the complete dependency calibration process is the parser. When â€Å"Parser† is executed, a window appears showing two options, â€Å"Load Project Fil

Education Amendment Essay -- Education

Over the years, the federal government has steadily been increasing its control of public education in the United States. The most notable developments of the last decade include the No Child Left Behind Act off 2001 and the ED Recovery Act, part of President Obama’s comprehensive recovery plan. As of September 30, 2010, $97.4 billion dollars was allocated under the ED Recovery Act (Department of Education). With the significant increase in federal interference, the American public should expect positive results. Instead, schools are faced with the same problems they had before the increase in federal interest and, in addition, even more problems arise. Federal involvement in education wastes billions of dollars every year while creating an education system that exists to promote politics, not education. It is time for the federal government to permanently cease its involvement in education. The federal government has been pouring money into the education system for decades. With the additional support the states have been receiving, student achievement and opportunities should be increasing. Instead, school districts are cutting all but the basic programs and achievement remains stagnant. Federal spending per student has tripled since 1970, even when adjusted for inflation (Coulson), but test scores haven’t changed (McCluskey). The only change that was more than 1% was in science, and those scores indicated a drop in scores, not the expected increase (Coulson). Federal money is going down the drain, and the states seem content to keep it that way because it lifts the burden of improving their own schools. This waste of money should not continue. The fundamental premise behind federal control of education is that every child... ...tion. Now it is weak, but it can again be the best in the world. The federal government must cease to involve itself in the field of education. Only then will American students begin to receive the education they deserve. Works Cited Coulson, Andrew J. â€Å"Has Federal Involvement Improved America’s Schools?†. Cato Institute, 2009. Web. 30 November 2010. Department of Education. â€Å"Recovery Act Highlights†. U.S. Department of Education, no date. Web. 30 November 2010. McCluskey, Neal. â€Å"No Federal Failure Left Behind†. Cato Institute, 2004. Web. 30 November 2010. McCluskey, Neal. â€Å"Why We Fight: How Public Schools Cause Social Conflict†. Policy Analysis No. 587. Cato Institute, 2007. Web. 30 November 2010. Romanowski, Michael H. â€Å"What You Don’t Know Can’t Hurt You: Textbook Omissions and 9/11†. The Clearing House; 82:6 (August 2009). Web. 30 November 2010.

Create a piece of drama about homelessness to educate our audience

The first thing I did was research about homelessness at home. I found out from my homework: Why people become homeless, some of the reason I found out: Finding suitable housing and unemployment Relation breakdown 39% Heavy drinking 21% Losing job 18% Having no money to pay for housing 13% Around a quarter have mental health problems Around a half have drink problems. It was important to do this research because it helped give us more idea’s and know more about the issue of homelessness. This then helped us decide in our performance why we would become homeless. I found out all different reasons why people become homeless and we decided all of us would use one of those reasons. I also did a mind map in class for the possible idea’s why someone would become homeless and what we could use in our performance. Possible ideas The first thing we did was get into groups and did 3 still images based on homelessness to give us idea’s and to help us understand the types of things to include in our performance. The first still image was of 2 different women one with money and a family and another having an abusive husband. Our second was the women with the abusive husband getting beat up, which caused her to become homeless. Then the third one was the women on the street, homeless and the other women and her children seeing her helping her. In my group we discussed our ides and decided to develop them. We then used our mind map and research to help us get an idea. We all sat down and discussed our ideas. Some of our ideas were to become homeless because of domestic abuse, being evicted or being abandoned by parents. We did have some problems, we had a lot of people in our group so it was harder to work and focus. We overcome them by listening to each other. This also helped us improve our work by giving us more ideas to work with, .e.g. Dying because of being homeless, and being abused by father which we used. Also we could make our performance longer. What worked well in our performance was our still images at the start some of us have our hands over our face to show being afraid. We also used levels. Then we came out of our freeze frame and said what we were a victim of. We did this because it shows our audience that there is all kind of different reasons why people become homeless, and it’s not their fault. We also used vocal singing, Juliana and Hannah sang because of you which went well with the theme. The physical theatre we used worked well also when Sophie, Juliana and Callum repeated their movements (when the mother found out about the father abusing his daughter). It showed that the abuse is being repeated over and over again. Sophie also used mimetic gestures. Also when the father (callum) went to punch the mother (Juliana) he used slow motion which was effective because it would have caught the audience’s attention. It was good when we all repeated (after Juliana said â€Å"Don’t say a word†) â€Å"you heard her don’t say a word†. We repeated this 3 times because it was more effective than saying it once. Also I and 2 other’s in my group (Chloe and Nikky) spoke out of character to show how my character felt and it helped the audience understand the characters better about why they were homeless. We also did thought tracking. In our performance we also used a narrator this helped tell the story of what was going on. The narrator told the audience about the abuse that was happening to the child so the audience new exactly what was going on. Also our performance was non-naturalistic so it was different from everyone else’s and made it better. At the end of our performance we had statistics which really help inform the audience about homelessness. I think our performance would have been better if we added more scenes and made it longer. Also if we practiced a bit more so we don’t forget bit of our performance. We could have put a scene in to show how horrible and unpleasant it is to live on the streets. We could have added more drama skills. It would have been better if we included a video about homelessness in our performance. I think our performance did inform the audience because our performance showed that there are lots of reasons why people become homeless. It showed how you become homeless and it’s not the type of people you always think that become homeless. We also included statistics which informed the audience what type of people are homeless and what percent it is. We also informed the audience that’s its children and teenagers that can become homeless not just adults. Our target audience was 13-18 year olds, to raise awareness to children about the issue of homelessness. I think it did suit our target audience because our performance showed what types of people are homeless and why they become homeless. We also had a role-play in our performance about 3 teenagers living on the streets so it would be easier for the target audience to relate to them. Also they can understand what’s going on because there not too young. In my performance we showed them about being abused and not having anyone help you, so they understand that it’s not someone fault if they people homeless. In Abby Smith’s group I thought what work well was she used a narrator which really helped tell the story. Also what worked well was the choral speaking and slow motion they did. I think she could improve by focusing and practicing more also adding more drama skills and making her performance much longer.

Free Essays on Picasso

Picasso was arguably the most influential artist of the twentieth century. He had some degree of influence in all styles of painting which were used during his time, and was known and respected by almost every art enthusiast on the face of the planet. Pablo Picasso, born Pablo Ruiz y Blasco, came into the world on the 25th of October 1881 in the southern Spanish town of Malaga. Pablo was an artist from early in his life – he was a child prodigy. He began his career as a classical painter. He painted things such as portraits and landscapes. But this style didn’t satisfy Picasso, he was a free man and wanted to express himself and ultimately leave a lasting mark on art as we know it. Picasso turned his attention to cubes. He invented Cubism – a radical art form which used harsh lines and corners to display a picture instead of the usual soft curves (see enclosed picture no. 1). Picasso won a lot of fame for his Cubist paintings, but was criticized for it also. He designed and painted the drop curtain and some giant cubist figures for a ballet in 1917. When the audience saw the huge distorted images on stage, they were angry, they thought the ballet was a joke at their expense. Cubism lived on despite this. Other artists mimicked Picasso’s Cubism, and it took hold. Picasso had only just begun his one-man art revolution. In the late 1920s, Picasso fixed himself upon an even more revolutionary art form – Surrealism. Surrealism emphasized the role of the unconscious mind in creative activity. Surrealists aimed at creating art from dream, visions, and irrational impulses. Their paintings shocked the world – particularly Picasso’s – it was unlike anything anyone had ever seen before. Picasso saw his newly found art form as a kind of â€Å"painted literature† or sign language. He took advantage of this fact and also the fact that he was extremely famous, to make a few political statements, statements that would go down in hist... Free Essays on Picasso Free Essays on Picasso Picasso was arguably the most influential artist of the twentieth century. He had some degree of influence in all styles of painting which were used during his time, and was known and respected by almost every art enthusiast on the face of the planet. Pablo Picasso, born Pablo Ruiz y Blasco, came into the world on the 25th of October 1881 in the southern Spanish town of Malaga. Pablo was an artist from early in his life – he was a child prodigy. He began his career as a classical painter. He painted things such as portraits and landscapes. But this style didn’t satisfy Picasso, he was a free man and wanted to express himself and ultimately leave a lasting mark on art as we know it. Picasso turned his attention to cubes. He invented Cubism – a radical art form which used harsh lines and corners to display a picture instead of the usual soft curves (see enclosed picture no. 1). Picasso won a lot of fame for his Cubist paintings, but was criticized for it also. He designed and painted the drop curtain and some giant cubist figures for a ballet in 1917. When the audience saw the huge distorted images on stage, they were angry, they thought the ballet was a joke at their expense. Cubism lived on despite this. Other artists mimicked Picasso’s Cubism, and it took hold. Picasso had only just begun his one-man art revolution. In the late 1920s, Picasso fixed himself upon an even more revolutionary art form – Surrealism. Surrealism emphasized the role of the unconscious mind in creative activity. Surrealists aimed at creating art from dream, visions, and irrational impulses. Their paintings shocked the world – particularly Picasso’s – it was unlike anything anyone had ever seen before. Picasso saw his newly found art form as a kind of â€Å"painted literature† or sign language. He took advantage of this fact and also the fact that he was extremely famous, to make a few political statements, statements that would go down in hist... Free Essays on Picasso Picasso Pablo Picasso was one of the most interesting artists of his times, and by far was one of the most influential people in art history. Picasso was a man of many different abilities and attributes, which he contributed to the art community in numerous ways. First, Picasso was an extraordinary man for his sheer ability and length of his career as an artist. Also, early in Picasso’s life he was deemed a prodigy with the potential to be one of the greatest ever (Richardson 28). Pablo was born October twenty-fifth, 1881, and lived to be ninety-one years of age. Pablo was born in the small town of Malaga, Spain, where he only spent a fraction of his life and much smaller amount of time painting. The fact that he was able to live such a long life is an accomplishment in it self. Life expectancy in today’s society is only seventy some years of age, and he was born in a day and age where men were not expected to live for nearly half of that. Picasso was able to contribute to the art community all the up until his death in 1973. Along with that, Picasso also lived through two world wars, an American depression, and the rise and fall of two nazi regimes, which consequently lead to one of his greatest works (Stien 30). Not only did he have to survive life in general; he had to survive the struggles and hardships of war and famine. Picasso’s ability to survive makes him a special person, without even seeing a piece of his art. In correlation with Picas so’s li! fe span, his origin is also just as extraordinary. When born in 1881, he did not take his father’s name as every normal person does. Instead of taking the name of Ruiz, his father, he chose to take his mother’s maiden name, Picasso (Martin) Pablo’s reasoning behind this was that his father’s name was too common, and for a boy of his ability he needed a more exotic name, like Picasso. He believed that to be a painter you could not have a common name, you m... Free Essays on Picasso Perhaps the most radical painting of the twentieth-century, Les Demoiselles d'Avignon, hangs unobtrusively at the Museum of Modern Art in New York City. This large canvas, measuring 96" x 92", was to revolutionize modern painting by charting a new way of depicting reality. In 1907 its painter, Pablo Picasso, broke all of the rules that the "artistically correct" learned at the art academies: he disposed of three-dimensional perspective, abandoned harmonious proportion, used distortion, and borrowed from the art of primitive cultures. In fact, the painting was such a revolutionary statement that when the painting was first viewed by some French critics, the painter Derain even suggested to Picasso that he would one day commit suicide for the shame that he had brought on the art establishment. Originally Les Demoiselles was going to be an allegory of venereal disease, entitled "The Wages of Sin." In the study for the painting, Picasso sketched a sailor carousing in a brothel amongst prostitutes and a young medical student holding a skull, a symbol for mortality. But the subsequent painting is quite different from the original sketch: only the women appear. And these women are not the traditional nudes that viewers had become so accustomed to in the 1880's when Degas and Toulouse-Lautrec had begun to capture them in the moment of the "parade," whereby prostitutes announced their wares and services to their clients. Nor are these women feminine and beautiful as Ingres’ Venus Anadyomene. Then who are these women in this brothel in Barcelona's Avignon Street and why do they appear the way they do? Perhaps the answers to this question lies in Picasso's fear of women in general. Their flesh is not depicted as being soft and inviting but sharp and knifelike. In fact, their flesh suggests castration and fear of women. As Robert Hughes implies, "No painter put his anxiety about impotence and castration more plainly than Picasso did in Les Demoi... Free Essays on Picasso Perhaps the most radical painting of the twentieth-century, Les Demoiselles d'Avignon, hangs unobtrusively at the Museum of Modern Art in New York City. This large canvas, measuring 96" x 92", was to revolutionize modern painting by charting a new way of depicting reality. In 1907 its painter, Pablo Picasso, broke all of the rules that the "artistically correct" learned at the art academies: he disposed of three-dimensional perspective, abandoned harmonious proportion, used distortion, and borrowed from the art of primitive cultures. In fact, the painting was such a revolutionary statement that when the painting was first viewed by some French critics, the painter Derain even suggested to Picasso that he would one day commit suicide for the shame that he had brought on the art establishment. Originally Les Demoiselles was going to be an allegory of venereal disease, entitled "The Wages of Sin." In the study for the painting, Picasso sketched a sailor carousing in a brothel amongst prostitutes and a young medical student holding a skull, a symbol for mortality. But the subsequent painting is quite different from the original sketch: only the women appear. And these women are not the traditional nudes that viewers had become so accustomed to in the 1880's when Degas and Toulouse-Lautrec had begun to capture them in the moment of the "parade," whereby prostitutes announced their wares and services to their clients. Nor are these women feminine and beautiful as Ingres’ Venus Anadyomene. Then who are these women in this brothel in Barcelona's Avignon Street and why do they appear the way they do? Perhaps the answers to this question lies in Picasso's fear of women in general. Their flesh is not depicted as being soft and inviting but sharp and knifelike. In fact, their flesh suggests castration and fear of women. As Robert Hughes implies, "No painter put his anxiety about impotence and castration more plainly than Picasso did in Les Demoi...